That's because of a fundamental tenet of quantum mechanics, which says that space is always filled with fluctuating energy, or quantum jitters.
Low average dark count rates and crosstalk probability, good timing jitter and high quantum detection efficiency in the visible range have been measured over 5 × 5 SPAD arrays with 40 μm single pixel active area diameter.
The appropriate timing margin for stable operation of the large-scale logic circuit is discussed by taking the fluctuation of setup/hold time and the timing jitter in the single flux quantum circuits.
Here, we analyze and provide experimental evidence of the clock jitter effect on the practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system.
Laser annealing also affects other important photon counting parameters including photon detection efficiency, timing jitter, and afterpulsing probability, but the operation of quantum communications applications should not be significantly influenced by these changes.
SPDs will also be necessary to support quantum communication applications [5 10], where high detection efficiency, low timing jitter, low dark count rate (DCR) and low afterpulsing probability are key parameters for achieving successful, high-fidelity transmissions [8, 11].
Other photon detection characteristics, such as photon detection efficiency, timing jitter, and afterpulsing probability, fluctuate but the overall performance of quantum communications should be largely unaffected by these variations.
PMTs have reduced detection efficiencies for wavelengths longer than 650 nm, but silicon-based APDs have high detection efficiency in that region, low timing jitter, low DCR, and low afterpulsing, making them a prime candidate technology for quantum communication applications.
Breakdown voltage, afterpulsing, detection efficiency and timing jitter of the irradiated APDs were characterized and shown to be in the range acceptable for quantum communications.
