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Each image was performed on LSB elimination and vector quantization operations in order to generate its index table of 4096 indices, where the size of image blocks is 4 × 4 and the codebook size N c is 256.
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where represents the quantization operation.
where is the quantization operation applied to the apriori information.
For the operation on messages, define:, where, and are quantified messages, and defines the quantization operation.
Besides, QP relates to quantization operation and also influences residual data.
The necessity of the quantization operation in the embedding calculation can be demonstrated for this kind of collusion.
The quantization operation has a low complexity, as only the phase of the incoming signals is quantized, neglecting the amplitude.
The quantization operation is to mitigate the interference of lower layers, and the modulus operation can mitigate the interference of the upper layers by decoding and cancelation.
In (56), the equality follows by replacing the quantization operation by its additive noise model, which is exact from a statistical point of view [31].
The standard quantization operation with step size δ is given by the following equation: Q x,delta)= text{round}left(frac{x}{delta}right), where round denotes the mathematical operation of rounding a value to the nearest integer.
It is further assumed that M 2/M 1 is integer and that the quantization operation exhibits circular symmetry with respect to the symbols sent by the source, so that pi_{q+frac{M_{2}}{M_{1}}m,m}=pi_{q,0}=tau_{q}.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com