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where represents the quantization operation.
where is the quantization operation applied to the apriori information.
For the operation on messages, define:, where, and are quantified messages, and defines the quantization operation.
Besides, QP relates to quantization operation and also influences residual data.
The necessity of the quantization operation in the embedding calculation can be demonstrated for this kind of collusion.
The quantization operation has a low complexity, as only the phase of the incoming signals is quantized, neglecting the amplitude.
Similar(44)
Each image was performed on LSB elimination and vector quantization operations in order to generate its index table of 4096 indices, where the size of image blocks is 4 × 4 and the codebook size N c is 256.
The transmitted information is hidden in the codebook parameter after a re-quantization operation.
These parameters are derived as s ˜ M − 1 = Q R M − 1, M − 1 * y ˜ M − 1, 1 + R M − 1, M y ˜ M − 1, 2 * (23) s ˜ M = Q R M − 1, M * y ˜ M − 1, 1 − R M − 1, M − 1 y ˜ M − 1, 2 * (24 where Q denotes the quantization (slicing) operation appropriate to the constellation in use.
These parameters are derived as s ˜ M − 1 = Q R M − 1, M − 1 * y ˜ M − 1, 1 + R M − 1, M y ˜ M − 1, 2 * + R M, M y ˜ M, 2 * (14) s ˜ M = Q R M − 1, M * y ˜ M − 1, 1 − R M − 1, M − 1 y ˜ M − 1, 2 * + R M, M * y ˜ M, 1 (15)where Q denotes the quantization (slicing) operation appropriate to the constellation in use.
The quantization process in the cooperative MIMO strategy is a critical operation before any further action for decoding.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com