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They give rise to two stochastic Equivalent Linear Systems (ELS) allowing to determine any quantity of engineering interest: the Tail Equivalent Linear System (TELS) based on FORM and the Tail Probability Equivalent Linear System (TPELS) based on SHM.
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The world's three biggest makers Toyota, GM and VW each have R&D budgets of $8 billion-10 billion a year, whereas the big Chinese firms Bernstein studied are at best spending a few hundred million dollars each.Since both China and India are churning out vast quantities of engineering graduates, the world's largest carmakers had been expected to shift much of their R&D there.
Numerical simulations were carried out to obtain approximate numerical values of the quantities of engineering interest.
The physical quantities of engineering interest are the Sherwood number Sh, the Nusselt number Nu and skin-friction τ.
The quantities of engineering interest are the skin-friction coefficient C f, the local Nusselt number Nu x, and the local Sherwood number Sh x.
Further, the physical quantities of engineering interest such as the Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also calculated.
The physical quantities of engineering interest such as skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also computed.
A practical numerical approach is proposed in this paper to estimate this defeaturing-induced engineering analysis error, in terms of changes to particular quantities of engineering interest.
The bounds for the energy norm of the error are used to produce upper and lower bounds of linear functional outputs, representing quantities of engineering interest.
Moreover, quantities of engineering interest were calculated, including the maximum pressure, the roll-separating force and the power transmitted to the fluid by the rolls.
In addition to velocity and temperature, the quantities of engineering interest in heat transport problems are the skin friction coefficient C f and the local Nusselt number N u x.
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