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The terminology 'orthogonal' refers to the scalar product induced by the expectation operator (langle X,Y rangle = E[XY]), where X, Y are random variables for which this quantity exists.
Continuous models belong to physical domain where a measurable time or quantity exists.
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Complex clinical conditions in which bone regeneration materials are required in large quantity exist.
No direct causal dependence between the two quantities exists.
This is an important feature when a complex model relating a large number of different quantities (e.g., atmospheric optical thickness, tropopause height and tropospheric ozone column) cannot be explicitly formulated, although it is known that a physical correlation between these quantities exists.
Huge quantities exist around the world.
Like substance, quantity seems like a reasonable candidate for a highest kind — quantities exist; quantities are not substances; substances are not quantities; and it is not clear what kind would stand above quantity.
In the treatment of the structural dynamic problem of composite materials, two alternate types of formulations, based on the elastic modulus and compliance quantities, exist in the literature.
As background, the factories discharge their wastes directly into sewer lines that either enter the river or feed into the waste treatment plant (21), although no data on exact quantities exist (nothing publically available).
In 1927, the year that Heisenberg announced his "uncertainty principle," Niels Bohr also described the "principle of complementarity" for quantum systems: for every measurable quantity there exists a "complementary" measurable quantity.
Foster argued that "luminous intensity [the candela] is not a physical quantity, but a photobiological quantity that exists in human perception" thereby questioning whether or not the candela should be a base unit.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com