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So far, however, we have only been dealing with universally quantified variables.
The same holds if the statement is false, but not in the case where the statement itself contains quantified variables.
The first tactic, intros, is used to move premisses and universally quantified variables from the goal to the hypothesis.
A relational linear program (RLP) is a declarative LP template defining the objective and the constraints through the logical concepts of objects, relations, and quantified variables.
We consider positive rules in which the conclusion may contain existentially quantified variables, which makes reasoning tasks (such as conjunctive query answering or entailment) undecidable.
No formal account, however, is given that relates our deductive practice, in which abundant use of theoretical constants is made, to the existentially quantified variables in the Ramsey sentence.
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deleting each universal quantifier, and replacing each universally quantified variable xi by fi xi1, …, xik(i)), where xi1, …, xik(i) are the variables corresponding to the existential quantifiers preceding Qi in A (in order), and fi is a new function symbol designated for this role.
The existential quantifier, symbolized, expresses that the formula following holds for some (at least one) value of that quantified variable.
Now, we need to prove: The quantified variable n has been moved from the goal to the hypothesis.
If '∃x Human(x)' entails not only that humans exist, but that humanity exists, then it is ontologically committed to properties or universals, even though no property or universal is the value of any quantified variable.
But it continues on to assert (via an occurrence of the initial, existentially quantified variable 'x' within the iterated modal context '◇Px') a further possibility regarding that very individual: it says that Ratzinger could have had a son a and that, possibly — i.e., in some possible world — he is a priest.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com