Briefly, GERP estimates an expected neutral substitution rate for a group of aligned species, and quantifies deviation from the estimated neutral rate for each column in a species alignment.
This was shown using a novel regress-delete-regress procedure outlined in Materials and Methods (we were able to directly test the sensitivity to 〈k〉, rather than using a Monte Carlo approach as above, because the strong correlation of m with n provided a baseline from which we could quantify deviation of 〈k〉 from constancy).
F is the (minimum variance estimate of) single locus inbreeding coefficient of maternal parents, Fe is the expected inbreeding coefficient at equilibrium, (Fe-F) quantifies deviation from inbreeding equilibrium based on selfing rate (Fe).
Genetic interaction between two genes reflects their synergistic (negative interactions) or mutually alleviating (positive interactions) functions The strength of genetic interactions is characterized by an epistatic score which quantifies deviation from a simple multiplicative model [ 37].
The GPS generated a consensus configuration for both mandibles and a thin-plate spline was used to quantify deviation of individual specimen landmark configurations from the consensus along principal axes of shape change [ 40, 41].
The strength of the epistatic effect between two genes in an E-MAP is expressed using an S-score, which quantifies deviation from the growth rate (approximated by measuring yeast colony size) expected if no epistatic interaction occurs between the genes [ 9].
Given the subjectivity inherent in the use of the three traditional plane symmetry deviation quantifiers, there has been a need for a statistics-rooted measure that quantifies deviations from 2D translation symmetries (in reciprocal and direct space).
These patients were compared with an "atlas" of non-congenital asymptomatic volunteers, resulting in a set of z-scores which quantify deviations from the control population distribution on a patient-by-patient basis.
This approach is unique because of the following reasons: (1) A continuous loss function is used to quantify deviations between a quality characteristic and its target level.
The data are analyzed in terms of a development of the simple energy balance incorporating flow contraction coefficients to quantify deviations from ideal flow.
We start from a specification of the production objectives while imposing minimal structure on the production possibilities, and construct tools to meaningfully quantify deviations of observed producer behavior from optimizing behavior.
