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With the collaboration of the instrument's developer, this rigorous methodology involved a process which comprised several steps: forward translations by two qualified translators, a reconciliated version, a translation by another qualified translator, and a cognitive debriefing on 5 healthy subjects [ 24, 25].
A qualified translator was recruited to translate the Chinese version of the SOFI (SOFI-C).
Here, we made use of a double-back translation procedure by a qualified translator.
The Finnish translation was created using a qualified translator, collaboration with an expert panel and a pilot test (N = 30).
First, the original and official English version of the interRAI AC and its manual were translated into Flemish by a qualified translator on an item-by-item basis [ 14].
Carried out with quality control in mind, the 18 French Canadian questions generated in step 1 were translated back into American English by one qualified translator, native speaker of English, proficient in French Canadian and living in Quebec.
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Translation of the MDHAQ by two independent qualified translators.
Lama first stood trial in February 2015 but the jury was discharged following the failure to provide sufficiently qualified translators to hear the evidence of about a dozen Nepalese witnesses who had been flown to the UK.
(On the other hand, one might think that, given the availability of suitably qualified translators, it ought to be possible for any two intelligent agents that speak different languages to carry on some kind of conversation).
Despite the fact that recommendations for a rigorous approach to translation of PRO measures have been in place for decades [5, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], translations for clinical trials have not followed a consistent methodology and were sometimes performed by local language speakers who were not qualified translators.
Two qualified translators, native speakers of French Canadian, proficient in English and living in the target country, and the Local French Canadian Project Manager, performed this step.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com