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These strains showed from 68.3 to 100% nucleotide identity with each other and were related to the recently described HRV-C strains, NAT001 and NAT045, isolated in California, USA [18], C024, C025 and C026 in Hong Kong [20], and QPM in Australia [7], [24] (Fig. 1).
Two displays the QPM in 2D and pseudo 3D representation while the others two show DDHIC images for two perpendicular shear directions, respectively.
QPM in screening mode identifies suspicious RBCs for Raman mapping, which provides the detailed chemical information needed to distinguish different RBC pathologies.
Furthermore for angles ϑ = 150 ° and ϑ = 300 ° it is possible to recognize the separation between the acrosome and postacrosom regions of spermatozoa cell while the high dynamic range of the QPM in Fig. 2(a) does not allow to distinguish it.
However even if such devices allow to obtain either good contrast DIC and QPM in simpler way in respect to the method proposed here, it is important to underline that the intrinsic nature of such devices do not allow to optimize the parameters that instead depends on the optical parameters such as grating pitch, etc. that are fixed during the fabrication process and cannot be changed.
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Interestingly, transcript and protein of 27-kDa γ-zein accumulate two- to threefold higher in QPM than in normal inbreds and in unmodified o2 mutants (G eetha et al. 1991; H olding et al. 2008), and silencing 27- and 16-kDa γ-zein genes resulted in clumping of protein bodies and opacity of QPM seeds, demonstrating hypostasis of γ-zeins over o2 modifiers (W u et al. 2010).
In addition, McErlean and colleagues obtained the complete genome sequence of a new HRV strain, HRV-QPM, in Queensland, Australia.
Of the five HRV strains with empirically determined structural data available, HRV-14 [14] and -16 [49] shared the highest sequence identities with HRV-QPM in the regions chosen.
Nevertheless QPMs in Fig. 2 present several difficulties for specimen visualization, for example, in Fig. 2(a) the end of the spermatozoa tail is not much visible due to low contrast and high dynamic range of the phase map.
Furthermore, hemozoin localization has good correlation with the small morphological feature in the QPM image in Fig. 3(b).
QPM image in Fig. 3(b) shows morphological feature on the RBC surface which is a potential indicator for malaria infection.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com