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Despite the similarities in our experimental approaches, our results and conclusions differ in a major way from the Lisberger lab's results on smooth pursuit learning.
Those papers reported that a single complex spike in a Purkinje cell, reflecting a spike in its climbing fiber input, reliably triggers plasticity that can be detected on the next trial during smooth pursuit learning.
The recordings and associated trial-by-trial analysis of VOR learning were conducted in rhesus monkeys so that they could be directly compared with the in-depth, trial-by-trial analysis of monkey smooth pursuit learning described in a recent eLife paper from the Lisberger lab and two previous papers from that lab.
However, those changes do not seem to be driven by the climbing fibers, because there was no trial-by-trial correlation between climbing fiber activity and changes in Purkinje cell simple spike responses of the kind observed during VOR-increase or smooth pursuit learning.
This suggests that, at most, a small fraction (<1%) of the changes observed on a single trial could persist over the training session, consistent with a previous report that the single trial changes during smooth pursuit learning decay within a few seconds (Yang and Lisberger, 2010).
Two monkeys were used for recordings from Purkinje cells in the floccular complex during pursuit learning (at UCSF), and the other two were used only for behavioral studies of pursuit learning (at Duke).
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Pursuit learns to anticipate the change in target direction, leading to a small deviation in the direction of eye velocity after a single learning trial, and larger learned changes over blocks of 100 identical learning trials.
Raines's message on the university's Web site illuminates the tightrope presidents must walk to have a peaceful coexistence between muscle and the pursuit of learning.
"In the first place, it is not normal for a young girl in her early 20s, pursuing a professional course, to abandon her studies and to set out in pursuit of learning an alien faith and religion," the judges wrote.
I must warn you, however, that the obvious pursuit of learning how to teach can jeopardize your academic career.
Wilson defines it as "a place where learners may work together and support each other as they use a variety of tools and information resources in their guided pursuit of learning goals and problem-solving activities" (Wilson [1996]).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com