The menagerie is operated by the city, and, unlike Bronx Park Zoo has no endowment for the purchase of animals.
The only legislation dealing with the detection of BVDV-infected animals concerns the purchase of animals.
Similarly, the sale of livestock for various household needs counteracts any increase in herd size resulting from purchase of animals.
Each herd's increased probability of disease due to purchase of animals was compared to both the average herd and herds within the same risk stratum.
The questionnaire contained 105 closed questions relating to general characteristics of the farms, farm facilities, management, source of food and water, herd health, environment and biosecurity, which included questions relevant to N. caninum transmission, including presence and number of dogs and other animals, purchase of animals and contact with man.
Good routines for purchase of animals and protocols for visitors are applied in the majority of herds.
For the livestock, participants were asked about camp herd structure, births, deaths, sales and purchases of animals, as well as animals taken in or entrusted to other pastoralists.
Strong biosecurity related to the purchase of animals, protocols for visitors, the use of all-in, all-out systems, and sanitary period between batches.
Additional file 1: Answers by 60 Swedish farrow-to-finish herds to questions regarding the external biosecurity subcategory "Purchase of animals and semen".
They found a positive association between a positive test result and the purchase of animals and proposed approaches to design risk-based surveillance based on cattle movement data.
