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and kg phosphorus was similar in all three systems, strengthening our hypothesis of unchanged total emergy use in systems of different purchased input and land use.
They find that monitoring total cost savings after production has occurred dominates monitoring either purchased input for the principal, and dominates monitoring both total cost savings and capital.
However, in the present study, purchased input was not fully substituted, while the natural wetland, apart from requiring a large land area, also needed a lot of purchased resources to fulfil the strict rules for wastewater treatment prescribed by society.
In our case the purchased input is the product from the O-jobs now being done overseas.
The value added in the United States is the total value the product is sold for, less the value of any purchased input.
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The most widely used method for collecting VAT is the credit method, which recognizes and adjusts for the taxes paid on previously purchased inputs.
But it isn't: it's a tax on all business income, defined as sales minus purchased inputs and dividends — but with no deduction for wages.
In fact, the organic ideal is so exacting -- a sustainable system that requires not only no synthetic chemicals but also few purchased inputs of any kind and that returns as much to the soil as it removes -- that it is most often honored in the breach.
The results showed that the two largest energy flows in the conventional lupin/wheat cropping system were wind erosion and purchased inputs of phosphate.
Reduced dependence on purchased inputs such as pesticides would make technology more accessible to poor farmers, with environmental and health payoffs.
Emergy use due to purchased inputs and to local renewable inputs differed substantially between the three treatment system studies, with emergy ratios of purchased to local renewable inputs of 9 1, 141 1, and 3056 1 for NW, TP+CW, and WWTP, respectively.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com