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Sophisticated investors can already purchase "risk parity" portfolios on the theory that they can significantly improve their risk/return trade-off by applying these ideas.
Secondly, the availability of RIs on the secondary market with contract periods shorter than those available on the primary market (since r ≤ R) produces a further reduction in the purchase risk of RIs.
Such intangible capabilities include a better understanding of consumer concerns, a higher capability to create value for consumers and society (H1a/b: recycling convenience, eco-friendly practices), advanced technological capabilities (H1b: eco-friendly practices), and a low purchase risk from cheating and hidden quality problems (H1c: ethical behavior).
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Our model postulates that consumers derive utility from the shopping experience and are more likely to shop on-line for products/services that are low in purchase risks.
Under Chinese securities law, an investor owning over 5% of a Chinese company that sells shares of that company within half a year of their purchase risks forfeiting profits from the sale, according to one report.
In 2011, an investigation in Iceland found whale meat openly sold and packaged for export in the departure area at Keflavik airport to travelers who, if they made the purchase, risked arrest for importing an internationally protected species.
The planned bond purchases "risk currency debasement and inflation, and we do not think they will achieve the Fed's objective of promoting employment," the economists wrote.
In an open letter to Ben S. Bernanke, the Fed chairman, on Monday, a group of conservative economists, writers and investors urged that the Fed's action "be reconsidered and discontinued," arguing that the bond purchases "risk currency debasement and inflation".
The interaction between brand equity and purchasing risk reveals that WCC only influences trust when brand equity is weak.
The results reveal that the effect of WCC on AST increases when brand equity is weak; for trust, both brand equity and purchasing risk act as moderators.
Overall, the results suggest that strong brand equity outweighs the effects of WCC in terms of improving site attitudes and reducing purchasing risk, with notable managerial and research implications.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com