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However, conversely to the previous study [15], we did observe pups nursing properly and gastric milk filling during the whole course of rolipram treatment (data not shown).
OLETF dams, when rearing their own pups, surrender to the pups' nursing demands resulting in longer nursing bouts (when rearing lean pups this nursing frequency declines), which together with their high fat milk results in overweight pups [13],[13].
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Three seal pups nursed back to health after they were stranded off the Isle of Man coast in stormy weather have been released back into the wild.
In this study, pups nursed by line A dams weighed only ∼40% of controls at L15 [33].
The weights of pups nursed by MMTV-Cre dams were identical to that observed with pups nursed by the Shp1 fl/+ MMTV-Cre dams; pups nursed by MMTV-Cre dams were 50% smaller than pups nursed by Shp1fl/+ MMTV-Creall time points examinedams
The dead pups all appeared to be significantly smaller when compared to pups nursed by normal dams at the same stage of growth.
Consistent with our initial observation, the weights of the pups nursed by the Shp1 fl/+ MMTV-Cre dams were signifl/+ MMTV-Crecedams 50% or more compared to the werehtsignificantlylittereducedL5, L8, and L10 (Figure 1).
One litter of 8 pups survived until L18; however, the average weight of these pups was 3.9 grams regardless of the genotype or sex of the pup, compared to more than 10 grams observed in normal pups nursed by normal dams at L18.
Surprisingly, none of the pups nursed by the Shp1 fl/+ MMTV-Cre dams gained weight normally over the fl/+ MMTV-Cres of lactation, andamsl of the pups in four of the five litters died by day eigained of lactation (L18).
By postpartum day 9, 70% of pups nursed by Akt1-/; Akt2+/- mice had died, compared with 30% of pups nursed by Akt1-/; Akt2+/+ mice and 2% of pups nursed by wild-type mice.
By postpartum day 9, the average weight of pups nursed by Akt1-/; Akt2+/- mothers was two-thirds that of pups nursed by Akt1-/; Akt2+/+ mothers and one-half that of pups nursed by Akt1+/+; Akt2+/+ mothers.
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