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You say this practice, along with chain gangs and boot camps, represents "a return to a more punitive penal age".
No-frills, which depending on one's definition also encompasses chain gangs (even for women) and boot camps, is a return to a more punitive penal age.
In fact, Norway has some of the least punitive penal institutions in Europe.
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A majority of the high court dismissed arguments by the North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency (Naaja) and the Human Rights Law Centre HRLCC) that the laws, which allow police to detain a person for up to four hours – or longer if intoxicated – on suspicion of minor summary offences, were punitive and penal, and unconstitutional.
MacIntyre is seeking $1 million in damages from all of the defendants, plus $100,000 from each of them for aggravated, punitive and penal damages.
All the facilities we visited were, without question, still punitive and penal, with the possible exception of one, which, while nicer than most, was not what we would see as "civil".
Justice Patrick Keane said the law remained valid irrespective of whether it granted a penal or punitive power.
But on Wednesday a majority of the high court bench upheld the laws, and rejected assertions they gave the NT executive powers that were "penal or punitive in character".
So detention of those unfit to plead because of mental illness, of accused persons before their trial, or of aliens prior to deportation or the grant of a visa can be valid so long as the aim is not penal or punitive.
However on Wednesday, a majority of the high court bench rejected the assertions the scheme gave the NT executive powers that were "penal or punitive in character" and said the laws therefore "do not impair, undermine or detract from the institutional integrity of the Northern Territory courts".
In light of the mounting research on the "new punitiveness", an important but largely unanswered question is the extent to which a country's penal policies and punitive sentiments are actually reflected in prisoners' experiences.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com