Being outside the structures of power and decision-making, they may be denied the opportunity to participate equally within the community and may be subject to punitive laws, norms and practices exercising control over their bodies and sexual relations' (UNAIDS 2000, p. 13).
As explained by Courtwright et al. (2008): When the inmate's condition deteriorates to the point of requiring hospital admission outside the confines of a correctional facility, there is a cultural conflict between the prison system, which embodies punitive and restrictive norms – and the healthcare system – which embraces caring for all the patients' needs, individual empowerment, and compassion.
When the inmate's condition deteriorates to the point of requiring hospital admission outside the confines of a correctional facility, there is a cultural conflict between the prison system, which embodies punitive and restrictive norms – and the healthcare system – which embraces caring for all the patients' needs, individual empowerment, and compassion.
Toleration, a refusal to impose punitive sanctions for dissent from prevailing norms or policies or a deliberate choice not to interfere with behaviour of which one disapproves.
They focus not only on punitive measures but aim to challenge social norms that sustain women's discrimination and violence within intimate relationships (36, 57).
SASA! uses positive, non-punitive programming which aims to change social norms and address the imbalances in power between women and men that perpetuate both violence against women and HIV (10).
There are punitive measures for those who dare to break social norms of deference and paying homage to patrons.
This can be as a result of punitive laws, economic circumstances, religious beliefs, sociocultural prejudices, and norms that pose structural barriers.
"The situation will not change unless the government enforces the norms in a very undiluted manner and takes serious punitive action wherever there are violations".
