However, punitive behavior cannot be assumed.
However, the proximate motives underpinning punitive behaviour are currently debated.
Economists such as Mitchell Polinsky, of Stanford Law School, and Steven Shavell, of Harvard Law School, argue that to deter harmful conduct, punitive damages should be equivalent to the amount of harm caused, multiplied by the inverse of the probability of detection.
Exxon is arguing in its appeal that the $2.5 billion award violated various principles of maritime law, including the principle that a ship's owner should not be subject to punitive damages for the conduct of the ship's captain unless the offending conduct was directed by the owner.
Look at how most Western leaders reacted when Ronald Reagan sent a handful of American aircraft to conduct a punitive raid against Libya in 1986.
Look at how most Western leaders reacted to Ronald Reagan's sending a handful of U.S. aircraft to conduct a punitive raid against Libya in 1986.
America may then be reduced to conducting occasional punitive missions to keep IS contained.And once again SyriaIn all events, Western leaders must prepare the public for a lengthy military engagement in this part of the world.
For months, Moscow has accused a "fascist" government in Kiev of conducting a "punitive" operation - even genocide - against Russian speakers in Donetsk and Luhansk.
"Punitive damages looks to the conduct of the defendant.
In addition, the jury held Novartis liable for $250 million in punitive damages for its discriminatory conduct.
