A review of 88 studies investigating the effects of corporal punishment concluded that although punishing children physically often leads to immediate compliance with parental demands, this "good behaviour" was rarely maintained in the long term as children failed to internalise moral norms and social rules.
Last November the governor of Oregon, John Kitzhaber, put a moratorium on all executions and in April Connecticut became the fifth state in as many years to abandon capital punishment altogether.
National revulsion and popular demand for punishment are dangerous things.
Figures including the Yekaterinburg mayor, Yevgeny Roizman, have criticised the punishment given to the Novorossiysk women and Facebook users have expressed their support for the women by posting photographs of locals swimming, sunbathing and drinking alcohol on the beach next to the monument.
Maddened by his entirely deserved punishment, Rijkaard was enveloped in red mist and, as he jogged past Völler to take up his position for Andy Brehme's free-kick, he spat in the German's carefully coiffured mullet.
His attorney, Anders Folk, argued that since the IDs weren't used criminally, Novak should receive a lesser punishment.
While the navy's actions received no punishment, this strongly contrasts with the Australian government's aggressive crackdown on the boats of our Indonesian neighbours and its ongoing effects on their families, who suffer punitive circumstances.
The backlash was led by Michael Howard, whose 1993 slogan "prison works" marked a tougher attitude towards crime and punishment that continued through Labour's years in power.
Lee says he wants more rehabilitation and less punishment.
The party will also expect to increase its overall Dáil representation as it hopes to harvest votes from disgruntled Fianna Fáil supporters, who are going to abandon the Soldiers of Destiny in their droves as punishment for Brian Cowen's mishandling of Ireland's fiscal woes.
Where hours are offered or taken away on the basis of reward or punishment, workers find themselves unable to exercise even their basic rights or access entitlements such as holiday and sick pay.
