In addition, due to the flexibly tunable band structure [20, 21], efficient and equivalent carrier injections can be acquired in SRON [22], which acts as a promising host matrix of Er3+ ions for electrically pumped light-emitting devices.
EDFA consists of EDF, pumping laser module, WDM coupler to couple the pumping light into fiber amplifiers (EDFAs).
This geometry consists of a Yb YAG thin disk gain media surrounded by an irregular octagonal undoped YAG cap as pumping light waveguide.
The physical background lies on two major phenomena: on the one hand, the ability of Si-ng's to absorb efficiently a pumping light and, on the other hand, the effective energy transfer between Si-ng's and RE ions.
It is known that the pumping light cannot be effectively absorbed when the film is too thin; otherwise, the extinction would be induced by scattering in the case of thick film.
The insertion of the Cu impurities favours a stronger local electron phonon interaction, particularly its anharmonic part, through the alignment of the local anharmonic dipole moments by the pumping light [9].
Microbial rhodopsins are classified into type-I rhodopsins, which utilize light energy to perform wide varieties of function, such as proton pumping, ion pumping, light sensing, cation channels, and so on.
The back-reflected pumping power (BRP) is considered as one of the design parameters; for this reason optimization is conducted based on minimum pumping light back-reflection and acceptable optical efficiency.
Legions of fans pump light sticks at every swish of those blue ponytails, as if a virtual star needs the encouragement.
Probe light was passed through two dielectric bandpass filters (Chroma) to remove all pump light and focused onto a large area photodiode (PDA55, Thorlabs).
After recording these, the focal point was moved to a region of the sample not exposed to pump light, by moving the sample which was mounted on a stepping motor.
