Thus, the consequence of FHM2 mutations is a loss-of-function mechanism with non-functional proteins impairing pump function.
Immunocytochemistry of the cell sheet revealed a positive staining for Na+-K+ ATPase which is a major functional protein involved in the pump function of the corneal endothelium.
Again, a functional study confirmed that ATP2B3 mutations impair activity and inactivate pump function.
The buccal pump remains functional in living amphibians.
Most gene therapies target a cell's DNA, using a virus to insert a corrected version of a gene, which then pumps out functional RNA and healthy protein.
A diverse set of mechanics, including micro-pumps and functional materials, used to deliver the drugs can be paired with wireless electronics for self-contained and programmable operation.
Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure.
The most likely reason for this observation would be an inability of TolC to form a functional pump with CusAB.
Since the structure of the α-helical subdomain of the MFP CusB is very different from that of all other known MFPs [15], it is likely that TolC will not be able to form a functional pump with CusAB.
Alternatively, it is possible that TolC can form a functional pump by interacting with CusAB, but that specific structural features of CusC would confer specificity for monovalent cations (e.g. by having a narrow channel).
