Na + −K + ATPase pump defects, due to cortical excitability alterations, can result in phenotypic manifestations of both migraine and epilepsy, which are due to cortical spreading depression (CSD) (for migraine) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (for epilepsy) modulations, respectively.
SERCA pump defects combined with an up-regulation of NCX function often result in reduced uptake of Ca2+ to ER calcium stores (Ximenes et al. 2003), and alterations in ER permeability during diabetes have been suggested (Islam 2002).
These defects are consistent with the moderate pharyngeal pumping defect observed for the ceh-19 mutant animals.
Mutations in genes that affect feeding mechanics (e.g., eat-2 which causes a pharyngeal pumping defect) increase life span by about 30 60% [ 29].
eat-2; egl-3 mutants grow slowly compared to eat-2 due to their slow pumping rate, showing that we could use growth rate as an indicator for the pumping defect.
This is in contrast with the pharyngeal pumping defect we observed in animals subjected to whole-life pat-4/ILK RNAi and implies that the longevity induced by pat-4/ILK reduction during adulthood is unlikely due to 'mechanical' dietary restriction.
In agreement with the body length measurements, neuronal-expressing smn-1 ok355 smn-1 ok35519::smn-1] animals survived longer than smn-1(ok355) and musclEx[Punc-119g smn-1]ok355); Ex[Pmyo-3::survivednimalongerg. 7C) and showed a parthan smn-1 ok355 smn-1 ok355ngeandpumping defect (Fig. 6).
However, this would be expected since pharyngeal pumping defects possessed by eat mutants cannot reduce intake when no food is present; even if eat-2 extended lifespan through separate mechanisms to DD it could not have an effect when no food is available.
Previous screens for pharyngeal pumping defects had yielded the Eat mutants (Avery, 1993).
This creates a model of the heart that allows doctors to identify heart defects or conditions such as arrhythmia, a disturbance in the normal rhythm of the heart that causes it to pump less effectively.
