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On the other hand, the advantage of intermittent and pulsed injection of water was apparent.
These were continuous (constant rate), intermittent, and pulsed injection of water.
The differential pressure fluctuated significantly during intermittent and pulsed injection of water (Fig. 10).
(3) During pulsed injection of water, unbalanced formation pressure was caused, and the swept volume was expanded, and consequently the highest oil recovery increment was achieved.
Therefore, the objective of the following work is to optimize water injection modes, including continuous injection (constant rate), intermittent injection, and pulsed injection of water.
As a whole, the rate of increase of water cut during intermittent and pulsed injection of water was higher than that during continuous water injection.
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For the injection, a pulsed splitless injection (0.5 μl) at 240°C was used, with pulse pressure of 55 psig for 1 minute.
The GC conditions (column 1) were as follows: column temperature program, from 105°C (hold 2 min) to 300°C at 20°C/min (hold 5 min); carrier gas, helium (Linde, Prague, Czech Republic) with a constant flow of 1.5 mL/min; injection temperature, 275°C; injection volume, 1 μL using pulsed splitless injection mode (splitless time, 2 min).
The temperature program was as follows: from 80°C (hold 2 min) to 280°C at 20°C/min and to 320°C at 5°C/min (hold 5 min); carrier gas, helium with constant flow 3 mL/min; injection temperature, 285°C; injection volume, 1 μL using pulsed splitless injection mode (splitless time, 2 min).
Instead, pulsed multipole injection will be used for initial filling as well as top-up injection.
One microliter was injected via pulsed splitless injections onto a DB-5 MS UI column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d × 0.25 μm, thickness) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).
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