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The pulmonary route of delivery offers a potential alternative to parenteral administration of peptides and proteins.
Delivery of vaccines via the pulmonary route has been shown to induce mucosal and systemic immunity.
The pulmonary route is very attractive for drug delivery by inhalation.
There is an urgent need to develop controlled drug release systems for the delivery of drugs via the pulmonary route.
However, a pulmonary formulation of 4 µg rHBV plus 0.5% TDM produced a fourfold increase in the immune response compared to plain rHBV administered via the pulmonary route.
Overall, in terms of rapidity of action and efficacy to reduce blood sugar, monomeric insulin did not provide advantages over hexameric insulin when administered via the pulmonary route.
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Targeting the lymphatic system by subcutaneous, intestinal, and pulmonary routes has been evaluated and subsequently utilized to improve lymphatic penetration and retention of drug molecules, reduce drug-related systemic toxicities, and enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble and unstable drugs.
This manuscript reviews recent advances in the field of lymphatic drug delivery and imaging and focuses specifically on the development of liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles for lymphatic introduction via the subcutaneous, intestinal, and pulmonary routes.
Accidental or intentional exposure of B. anthracis spores by oral, cutaneous or pulmonary routes often triggers infection resulting in a high mortality rate associated with severe hypotension [2], [3], [4].
This is a key aspect for the wider therapeutic use of AMPs, since the macromolecular nature of AMPs, typically containing 20 40 amino acids, limits their use through administration routes other than the topical and parenteral ones, and precludes their biological uptake, e.g., by the gastrointestinal, nasal, transdermal, and pulmonary routes.
95% of infections occur via the cutaneous route and more rarely through gastrointestinal and pulmonary routes [ 4, 5].
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