Sentence examples for pulling bar from inspiring English sources
The procedure consists in clamping one of the ends of the pulling bar to the lower grips, which stay fixed, while the other bar is clamped to the upper grips, which move vertically up transmitting the load to the specimen.
ϕ cs is the outside specimen diameter, ϕ sb is the pulling bar diameter, a is the initial notch depth measured from load axis, B is the specimen thickness, e is the notch width, A lig is the ligament area, and α is the relative notch length.
As may be observed in the results shown in Table 5, the values of the specific fracture energy of concrete obtained as indicated above (i.e. fitting the tail of the curve after eliminating the affected part of the curve due to the interaction between pulling bar and concrete) are roughly the same, independently of the relative notch depth and height of the pulling bars.
Nevertheless, as the test progresses and the necessary COD to further opening of the crack increases, the pulling bar-concrete interaction acts against crack propagation.
b Threaded pulling bars at regular distances.
Tests must be performed by displacement control of the machine and the crack opening displacement in the notch lips at the level of the alignment of the pulling bars (COD) should be controlled and recorded.
This can be attributed to the bending stiffness of the steel pulling bars stiffness and the necessary compatibility between them and the concrete specimen, which implies slightly higher energy consumption.
In such a case, the pulling bars must be allocated and glued (e.g. by using epoxy resin) into the holes drilled out into the specimens in transversal direction to the notch milled, as shown in Fig. 4.
At the test beginning, the crack opening displacement necessary to break the concrete is relatively low so that the moments arising by bending of the pulling bars are negligible.
In this case, even if the outside diameter of specimen remains the same, a variation in the position of the axis of the steel pulling bars allows the effective height (size) of the specimens to be varied.
