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The flowchart of publications selection is presented in Fig. 1.
Browse documents and publications produced by UNICEF in West and Central Africa: By country | By type of document Browse documents and publications produced by UNICEF in West and Central Africa: By country | By type of document Selection of the latest publications Selection of the latest publications A Profile of Child Marriage in Africa Progress for Children.
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Finally, we investigate the existence of a potential publication selection bias in the reported results.
Moreover, we explicitly analyze potential biases through data mining or publication selection at the end of this section.
Finally, we consider the presence of a potential data mining bias, publication selection bias, and misspecification bias.
The further analyses reveal that our main findings are robust against data mining bias and publication selection bias.
Publication selection arises when researchers favor results based on their statistical significance or because they are consistent with the majority of literature (Card and Krueger 1995).
Fourth, the sample of estimates may contain publication selection bias, reflecting choices about "acceptable" estimates made by primary researchers, journal referees, and editors.a Selection often means that reported estimates are biased toward larger, but less precise, values.
This study contributes to policy debate by identifying a representative subsidy effect: after controlling for publication selection bias and for a wide range of sample and study heterogeneities, MRA findings reject crowding out of private investment by public subsidy but reveal no evidence of substantial additionality.
In this way, we aim to comply with the requirement of any meta-analysis to examine the population of studies available in order to avoid systematic biases due to misspecification and publication selection while incorporating the multidimensional nature of empirical research findings (Stanley and Doucouliagos 2012).
To avoid bias in publication selection, the following five criteria were set for the inclusion of data related to ecosystem C stock and other related variables for plantations and natural forests.
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