In Nepal, local private manufacturers focus mainly on brand competition for private consumption not essential medicines, the government preferentially procures essential medicines from the only public producer while donor funded programmes rely on international manufacturers compliant with international GMP standards.
Research in this sector is Mode 2 [28], that is knowledge creation to answer a specific question that meets a need, and can be described as 'just in time', being funded to problem solve and innovate for corporations, as well as to contribute to societal development through EU funded programmes and the public sector.
From the perspective of policy-makers, evaluations of publicly funded programmes are necessary to justify their spending of public money.
We offered the programme to all schools, whether public (funded by the government and termed 'charter' schools) or private, which included fee-paying and/or faith schools.
After all, the public wants its taxes to fund programmes that help people rather than flow to government creditors.
And just as Radio 1 – still often referred to as "the nation's favourite" – attempts to justify its public funding with programmes that educate young people, star presenter Chris Moyles is castigated by the broadcasting watchdog Ofcom for "offensive and derogatory" comments about the sexuality of the singer Will Young.
*As reported for the public-funded programmes in the 2005-2006 forcal year; for blood banks the number is the blood units screened; IEC estimate based on coverage of the 15-49 years old age group in Andhra Pradesh with HIV mass media campaigns through television, radio, print media and public events.
Using the window created by the withdrawal of public funds from space programmes, NewSpace has fostered trust with government and increasingly enjoys the blessing of the US State Department, which controls export permits for objects being launched into orbit.
Earlier this month, following a meeting with Dr Matshidiso Moeti, the World Health Organisation's regional director for Africa, Buhari called for a reinvigorated approach to guaranteeing Nigeria's polio-free status by prioritising public funding to health programmes and to innovative strategies that have enabled the country to immunise millions of children even in hard-to-reach and insecure areas.
The benefits and priorities of public funding of R&D programmes are the subject of considerable research and debate and a number of methodologies have been suggested which might allow us to arbitrate on the issues involved.
And they siphon public funds away from other programmes.
