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At a public disputation at Fontainebleau in 1600 with Jacques Davy Duperron, bishop of Évreux, it became clear that Mornay had lost Henry IV's favour.
In 1486, planning to defend 900 theses he had drawn from diverse Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin writers, he invited scholars from all of Europe to Rome for a public disputation.
Pope Leo dispatched Humbert to Constantinople in 1054 to determine the significance of the expression by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus of a desire for Greek-Roman reunion, and while there Humbert engaged leading Byzantine theologians in public disputation.
At any rate, Duns Scotus was back before the summer of 1304, for he was the bachelor respondent in the disputatio in aula ("public disputation") when his predecessor, Giles of Ligny, was promoted to master.
Again at Prague, in 1412, he joined Hus in a famed public disputation in which he maintained that the faithful are not bound to obey papal commands that conflict with the laws of Christ.
Zürich's model was soon followed by other Swiss towns, especially those ruled by guilds such as Sankt Gallen, Basel, Biel, Mulhouse, and Schaffhausen and, after a public disputation in 1528, by patrician Bern.
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While the rifts between them reached bitter proportions, the common threat posed by ecclesiastical attacks on the Talmud in public disputations and by the expulsion of the Jews from France in 1306 prevented open rupture or resolution of the conflict.
It has been suggested that the production of such works was spurred by the necessity of providing "ammunition" for the public disputations with Christian ecclesiastics that the church forced upon Jewish scholars during this period.
Statutes of the university required that the third year be devoted to lectures on the Bible; and, in the final year, the bachelor formatus, as he was called, had to take part in public disputations under different masters, including his own.
Rather, like all "theses" in those days, they were points to be thrashed out in public disputations, in the manner of the ecclesiastical scholars of the twelfth century or, for that matter, the debate clubs of tradition-minded universities in our own time.
These close textual studies were complemented by public disputations and the even more unruly quodlibetal questions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com