Emigration also affected the public workforce density, in particular before and after the country's break-up and during the application of international sanctions (the remaining international sanctions were lifted in September 2001).
Number of residents per km, Land use mix based on the entropy of land use types, Number of intersections per area to assess the street connectivity, And number of bus stops per area to assess public transit density.
Walkability measures were calculated within these ego-centred neighbourhoods using the spatstat-package (1.33.0 155 in R (3.0.1): 16 Number of residents per km, Land use mix based on the entropy of land use types, Number of intersections per area to assess the street connectivity, And number of bus stops per area to assess public transit density.
A similar night-bias of road use has been reported for wolves in Europe and Canada (Blanco et al. 2005; Theuerkauf et al. 2007; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2008) and a meta-analysis across wolf studies concluded that nocturnal activity and movement were positively correlated with public road density (Theuerkauf 2009).
Epidemiology has a long history of re-purposing non-medical datasets for medical purposes, including data on public housing, population density, animal density, sea traffic, climate and postal codes.
Four spatial regression models are used to investigate the effect on the MAG of six factors of the built environment (distance to city public centers, residential density, landuse mix, bus stop density, metro station density and road network density).
The significant effect of the proportion of school-age children disappeared after correction for other factors; thus, temperature, relative humidity, school summer vacation and public holidays, population density, and the density of medical facilities remained as significant factors in multivariate analysis.
In the Canadian public sector union density has increased from 12% in 1960 to more than 70% today.
I'm convinced there is room for Commonwealth leadership in urban policy across a range of areas including traffic congestion, housing density, public transport planning and delivery and better urban design.
"Japan is very aged so the government is prioritising making cites age-friendly," says Setsuko Saya, head of regional policy at the OECD-led research into ageing in cities. Toyama, where 26% of residents are over 65, has adopted the principle of a compact city – which promotes high density, public transport, walking and cycling.
