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Taking advantage of the depth penetration of hard X-rays, we acquired images of the changes in the local structure of BFO buried underneath the 100 nm Pt pads during electrical poling.
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The ZrO2 layer was patterned to uncover the Pt pad, which facilitates to minimize the sheet resistance of the probe and Pt pad.
Remarkably, at a field of 65 kV cm−1 all contrast from BFO domains underneath the Pt pad disappears entirely (Fig. 3a).
XDM images taken at this scattering condition under zero field and 65 kV cm−1 show the formation of a domain wall once the polarization of the BFO underneath the Pt pad is switched.
Nb STO was used as the bottom electrode and for the top electrode; a 150 nm thick Pt pad of size 7.85 × 10−5 cm was deposited on the BFMO film.
Wire-bonding with aluminum was used to connect different Pt electrode pads to the lead terminals of the chip carrier.
The last process was dry etching, in order to expose the Pt bottom electrode pad.
The size of Pt nanoparticle of the PAD-Pt/CeO2/ZSM-5 catalyst was determined to be 2 nm.
It is found that the addition of CeO2 into the catalyst supports is effective to synthesize highly active nano-sized Pt particles using the PAD method under UV-light irradiation.
This problem was effectively solved in 1981, when Hughes and Johnson first introduced a pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) of carbohydrates at Pt electrodes using a triple-pulse potential waveform allowing detection of carbohydrates with frequency of at least 1 Hz.
The LTCC structure is composed essentially of two ceramic layers with interlayer thick film Pt heater, interdigitated electrodes on top, contact pads and metallic connections realised by vias.
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