The main pathogenetic factors of FD include genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, infection from Helicobacter pylori, and inflammation [ 6, 7].
Despite some inconsistencies, findings suggest that primary headache in childhood is complicated by, or occurs due to, a combination of a predisposition and psychosocial and behavioural difficulties.
Contemporary perspectives on the etiology and maintenance of primary headaches in children continue to be founded on a model that integrates genetic and biological predisposition with psychosocial context [5].
Large, population-based prospective cohorts provide the ideal design for research on the combined effects of lifestyle, occupation and environment, social and psychosocial factors and genetic predisposition on disease development.
The causation and aggravation of these problems are complex and multifactorial, including genetic predisposition, demographic factors, psychosocial stressors, and environmental exposures.
The majority of CVD risk factors are largely modifiable (eg, physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, stress), while others are less modifiable (eg, psychosocial factors) or unmodifiable (eg, genetic predispositions and age/sex).
James et al. (1987) have described "John Henryism," a strong personality predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial environmental stressors.
Participants completed the John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) scale, which measures the predisposition to respond behaviorally to psychosocial environmental stressors (James et al. 1987); higher values indicate a greater predisposition to cope actively.
Also, we have to be very aware of the fact that despite its tremendous psychosocial burden, AA is a benign lifelong genetic predisposition, with one third of AA patients being affected before 30 years of age.
The cause of TMD is considered multifactorial with physical, psychological and psychosocial factors, alone or in combination, contributing to the predisposition, initiation or perpetuation of TMD [1, 2].
