The Doloplus-2 was originally developed for pain assessment in children and the inclusion of the psychosocial items may come from this origin.
The etiology of musculoskeletal disorders is widely accepted to be of multifactorial origin, including individual, physical, and psychosocial factors.
The etiology of LBP is not fully understood but is assumed to be of multi-factorial origin, indicating that individual, physical and psychosocial factors can contribute to their development and persistence [ 8].
However recent studies have demonstrated that CANS have a multi-factorial origin; possible risk factors are of a physical, psychosocial or personal origin [ 3].
Seven out of the 23 missed cases included first onset of psychiatric disorders in women of moderate to high education from a Western origin, without a psychiatric history and without any psychosocial stressors.
The psychosocial stressors of the immigrants are common to all studied groups regardless their origin.
Although economic difficulties can be conceptualised as a domain of material socioeconomic circumstances, 16 18 36 the origins of their effects might be attributed to psychological or psychosocial stress or strain.
Furthermore, we assessed different areas of psychosocial functioning (occupational functioning and financial situation, social life: relations to the family of origin, friendships and social contacts, partnership and sexuality).
With the four step model suggested by Baron and Kenny [ 44], we investigated whether a possible relationship between immigrant origin and outcome (non-adherence and detectable viral load) was mediated by psychosocial risk factors.
Consequently, this process could be time-consuming and delay identification of health risks to children of foreign origin and of interventions to secure optimal development of physical, mental and psychosocial health.
