These factors are combined through a raster weighted overlay function to generate composite suitability map that offers a testable proxy for variability in relative agricultural potential during the Bonito Phase at Chaco.
Recent models of combination ART that account for resistance and reversion treat these similarly [ 12, 13]; though one model used stochastic numerical methods as a proxy for variability in acquisition and transmission of resistance, these are still assumed to occur at a fixed rate [ 13] with no consideration for heterogeneous host biology and behavior.
We consider the positions of the Sq foci as proxy for the variability.
As listed in Table 5, a given number of site proxies are associated with many different models, except for the 0 proxy case (initial variability) and "all proxies" case (see text for further details).
I chose to collect data on tooth size as a phenotypic proxy for genetic variability because tooth size is highly heritable and teeth preserve well in the archeological record, thus increasing sample size (Kieser 1990; Stojanowski 2010).
As a proxy for functional variability, similarities and differences between the protein sequence of OR genes are often used [7], [14].
A more consistent and independent proxy for moisture variability was needed to test the possible role of climate in past typhus outbreaks.
Palo (24) used time series analyses to investigate the association between Nephropathia epidemica (NE), winter NAO index (North Atlantic Oscillation index, used as a proxy for climate variability), and bank vole population dynamics in northern Sweden, 1959 1975 and 1985–2006.
Year of interview (blood collection) and hospital were used as proxies of technical variability (time of storage and/or differences in blood sample handling).
All proxies for genetic variability were calculated across all individuals per replicate (regardless of dead and surviving), hence assuming that neutral (microsatellites) and adaptive genetic variability are correlated, our finding corroborates the notion that more genetic variability and a higher overall allelic richness among progeny positively affect survival (Ruzzante et al. 1996).
