We also examined the trend in mean of daily counts for each year as a proxy for trends in deer abundance because count data were available and consistently recorded for almost every year since 1987.
Trends in prevalent infections at ages 15 24 years, shortly after initiation of sexual activity and/or marriage, 16 are a reasonable proxy for trends in incident or new infections in the general population because prenatal clinic attendance is unrelated to HIV/STI testing.
A recent study by the Corporate Library, a research firm, reviews the proxy-voting trends of 26 large American mutual funds on pay-related matters.
Birth year and socio-economic status (W) are treated as confounders (as is fetal gender unless the effect modification by gender is tested), because there is little reason to suspect that such broad proxies for trends in health (social-economic status) and chance of being diagnosed (birth year) would only act as antecedents of fetal hypoxia without also being associated with risk of ASD.
"It's an interesting proxy of demographic trends and really the most provocative part of the study," says Stahle.
Such human factors may explain a great deal of woody plant cover patterns in other global rangeland systems with similar historical contexts and serve as a predictive proxy of landscape trends.
Based on that, the authors further constructed an indicator of positive rate of change in online search intensity, which acted as the proxy for changing trends in the search behavior of investors in the market.
In studies over a short period, variations with age can be studied as a proxy for time trends.
Since survival was so low before the early 1960s, it seems likely that mortality from 1911 up to the 1950s provides a reasonable proxy for incidence trends.
However, since health research has generally relied on quantitative data and analysis, Johansson (95) anticipates that researchers will continue to use mortality data as a proxy for health trends and to treat the health transition just as another name for the mortality transition.
For Wallonia we estimated mortality rates from 1998 to 2003, and for 2005 and 2006 by linear interpolation calculated with data for 2004 for all the countries and using data from 1989 and 2004 for Flanders and the Brussels region as a proxy for time trends in Belgium.
