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Total organic carbon (TOC) is a fundamental proxy to identify organic matter richness in sediments and sedimentary rocks (e.g. Tissot and Welte 1978; Jiang et al. 2015; Mani et al. 2015; Ratnayake et al. 2017b).
The C/N ratios have been extensively used as a proxy to identify organic matter sources, and stable C (δ13C) and N (δ15N) isotopes have also been extensively applied to characterize the origin and fate of organic matter in estuarine mangrove ecosystems (Kristensen et al. 2008; Prasad and Ramanathan 2009).
As strontium often substitutes for calcium, strontium isotopes can be used as a proxy to identify the source of the calcium; if the source of calcite is from marine water, then Sikou carbonate minerals would be expected to have a sea water 87Sr/86Sr ratio, which was lower than 0.708000 during the Eocene (Veizer et al. 1999).
Soft-sediment deformation is an important proxy to identify the timing of earthquakes, as the seismic waves induce shearing between the planes parallel to the surface cause fluidization in the soft sediments producing dikes and ball-pillow structures (termed seismites) as well as sand blows.
Thus, our reported gene lists should be considered as a proxy to identify and compare functional processes represented by them.
Two Local Authorities were chosen, one urban and one rural with mortality used as a proxy to identify need.
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By carefully drawing up the proxies to identify Ms. Kenny as a "nonemployee" rather than an independent director, Computer Associates may have avoided violating the letter of the securities laws, Mr. Cox said.
Finally, it was shown that collocated atmospheric CO2 measurements can be effectively used as stratification proxies to identify conditions that favor radon trapping and subsequently alter PG.
To remedy this, UA creates short-term proxies to identify program success and improvement areas that can be evaluated and acted upon right away.
Over 80% of respondents reported using physiological parameters or behaviors as proxies to identify pain in these patients.
For patients unable to self-report, over 80% of clinicians report use of physiological parameters or behaviors as proxies to identify pain.
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