Vegetation cover and type in a watershed may be indicative of the capacity of the watershed to provide potable water naturally, and change in vegetation cover can be considered a proxy for threat to water provision.
Applying the Red List Index (RLI) at the regional level, we investigated the relationship between Japanese semi-natural grassland species and proxies of threats caused by human activities over the past 50 years.
In this study, our proxies for threat-responsiveness were previous vaccinations and previous health care utilization.
And yet if Nato's foundational logic is accepted – the logic of collective defence – the organisation can hardly turn a blind eye to Mr Putin's recent run of threats, proxy military action and annexation of territory.
A total of 211 women undergraduate students majoring in engineering fields (73% White, mean age = 21 years) responded to measures of stigma consciousness and stereotype vulnerability as proxies for stereotype threat, along with measures of self-efficacy for coping with barriers (CWB) and academic self-efficacy.
As US troops withdraw from Iraq, Saudi Arabia fans sectarianism, and Syrian opposition leaders promise a break with Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas, the threat of proxy wars is growing across the region.
And if Syria becomes even mildly more tranquil, it would calm its neighbours.In Lebanon, suppose that Iran ceases using Hizbullah, its proxy, as a constant threat to the country's stability and to Israel.
Here it's a marker of either anti-immigrant sentiment or national pride, depending on your viewpoint (Oklahoma, Illinois); a proxy for a perceived threat to minority rights (Canada); and a statement of independence from a former hegemon (Georgia).
Iranian money, weapons and operatives and Hezbollah troops have become key factors in the fighting, and Mr. Assad's triumph would dramatically affirm the power and prestige of Shiite Iran and Hezbollah, its Lebanon-based proxy — posing a direct threat both to the Sunni Arab states and to Israel.
Generating proxies for the actual threat from extragroup males and integrating threat from within and outside the group will be next steps in promoting our understanding of reproductive skew in males living in stable, large multimale groups like most primates, including humans.
