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The unsigned TD error for simplicity, operationalized by taking the absolute value of the signed TD error was used as a proxy signal that is relatable to a motivational salience signal (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010; Matsumoto & Hikosaka, 2009).
The central assumption in variable pricing models (see the section above on Variable pricing) is that the price is a proxy or a signal for demand.
Differences of 5%and10%0% between bit scores to the top and second hits are used as a proxy for phylogenetic signal, based on demonstrated correlations between the two.
- Whistle to signal for help.
Signal for three seconds.
Have a signal for bunting.
This led them to remove from the data series a statistical proxy for unmodeled signals of external origin.
In absence of functional antibodies we used the expression of the early Toll target gene cact as a proxy for Toll signaling.
Nevertheless, taking msgn1 expression as a proxy for FGF signalling, our results suggest that the relationships between the RA and FGF pathways can not be only summarized as a mutual antagonism but that, at least under certain circumstances, RA signalling is able to positively control the FGF pathway (Fig. 5).
Therefore, we analyzed the relative strength of support for top blastp hits to designated eukaryotic groups as a statistical proxy for aggregate phylogenetic signal.
Our results support the potential of white blood cells as a proxy tissue for studying insulin signaling and may lead to development of a minimally invasive and direct marker of insulin resistance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com