GHS has been found to be a good proxy and predictor for future health (see Burstrom and Fredlund 2001, Idler and Benyamini 1997, or van Doorslaer and Gerdtham 2003).
Generally, these false positives can be removed by controlling for relatedness among individuals, which are a proxy and predictor of the sum of un-modeled genetic effects (Yu et al. 2006; Segura et al. 2012).
The spatial smooth can be interpreted as a proxy of additional predictors such as available water capacity of the soil, nutrient supply of the soil, etc., which were not at our disposal.
Next, we use the estimated mean correlations (hat{z}) from Eq. (1) to estimate a multiple regression model with the proxy variables as predictors and the hedging dummy as dependent variable.
We present a novel approach for optimizing tree-ring based reconstructions in small watersheds in temperate environments, combining winter snow depth and summer drought sensitive proxies as model predictors.
Therefore, to achieve the necessary higher causality we use a combination of causal and proxy site parameters as predictors.
Predictors BD (proxy for improvement over time from 2009 to 2012) and ADFI were continuous variables while INFGP, Br, GF and two interaction terms of GF*INFGP and Br*INFGP for stratification were categorical variables.
One study with a community sample identified predictors of proxy quality of life ratings by family members as cognition, functional ability, neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression and prescription of antipsychotic medication together with carer burden and relationship to the person with dementia, accounting for 59.8% of variance [ 29].
Race: predictor versus proxy variable?
We also investigated client-related risk factors for AEs, as some of these may be predictors or proxies for clients' behavior and risk post-surgery.
