The biophysical models of Habitat Quality were used as a proxy of natural values, the community maps of Recreation Potential with the Heritage properties was used as a proxy of recreation values, and finally a kernel density of positive visual elements has been used as a proxy of landscape values.
One reliable proxy of housing values — the ratio of home prices to rents — indicates that in many cities prices are still too high relative to historical norms.
This possibility could be supported by increased level of raw bets under the Regulate condition (see Results), where subjects' bets can serve as a proxy of expected value in the current paradigm.
Health professionals are often poor proxies of patients' values [ 3, 4], and often fail appropriately 'diagnose' patient preferences [ 5].
An additional challenge for child maltreatment is that the parent/caregiver may be the abuser and while the parent may be the natural proxy for valuing other types of children's health, the parent/caregiver will often not be the appropriate proxy.
Therefore, we have used the 'expensive' estimate (I,pi_{t}) approx left(I,pi_{t}^{J}right), quad text{with (J=10^{5}) particles}, computed via the standard BF, as a proxy of the true value.
Also problematic are "willingness to pay" measures as proxies of the value of benefits or risk reduction.
In particular, we measured two objective proxies of knowledge value: reporting practices and outcome diversity.
Our study explored two relatively objective proxies of knowledge value in a convenience sample of PD studies using research biopsies.
Several (proxy) measures of reproductive success are available, including number of children ever born, number of surviving children, proportion of married offspring and potential proxies of mate value, such as number of marriages and age at first marriage.
