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Each of them is an equally good proxy of the underlying unobservable psychometric construct; however, each of them is a noisy proxy and the dispersion across the plausible values reflect measurement error (OECD 2013; Mislevy 1993a; 1993b).
Overall, STRUCTURE, MDS and AMOVA analyses indicate that in U.S. Americans self-declared ancestry serves on average as a good proxy of the underlying autosomal genetic diversity, especially of European, African and Asian Americans.
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Such semantic content can be used as a proxy for the underlying neural representation of object meaning.
In some ways, they have a point: an estimate of the number of scientists who agree with a certain proposition can only ever be a proxy for the underlying scientific knowledge.
First, it should be considered that both mitochondrial DNA deletion size and our location parameter are perhaps merely proxies for the underlying pathogenic nature of the mitochondrial DNA deletion; a more nuanced characterization of these mitochondrial DNA deletions may better predict pathogenesis and mitochondrial disease progression.
Instead, scales are composed of items that have been subjected to tests of validity to show that they can serve as reasonable proxies for the underlying construct they represent (DeVellis, 2003).
This study is aimed at examining a simulated airplane condition as a proxy towards identification of the underlying mechanisms of the condition.
Therefore, for obtaining the best proxy depicting the underlying cognitive solving processes, different Q matrices are created and matched.
Accordingly, digit length pattern may act as a proxy indicator for the underlying prenatal testosterone levels.
Treatment is of the underlying disorder.
Again, treatment is of the underlying disorder.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com