In conclusion, represented by digit ratio (2D/4D) as a proxy marker, prenatal testosterone exposure may have a causal role in the sexual dimorphism observed in learning style preferences.
The serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-l-[β-11C]tryptophan ([11C]HTP) is in clinical use for localization of neuroendocrine tumors and has been suggested as a proxy marker for pancreatic islet cells.
We therefore assessed parasite densities as a proxy marker of fitness.
The high inter-correlations suggest that the PGC can also act as a proxy marker for mood and hence depression, as has been done in some studies [7].
The induction of metallothionein genes has been used previously as a proxy marker for copper excess, and Ctr1B induction as a marker for copper deficiency [15].
The validation of IGRAs to detect LTBI suffers from the lack of gold standard, so active TB disease has often been used as a proxy marker for LTBI [4].
Likewise, while it is known that both TNF-α and IFN-γ are essential for controlling mycobacterial infections [8] [11], the use of either factor alone as a proxy marker for disease or immunity has been unsatisfactory [12], [13].
The ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth digits (2D∶4D) is a sexually differentiated trait believed by many to be fixed in utero, and thus, a possible proxy marker for prenatal androgen activity.
This would have allowed us to confirm that the findings were related to depression rather than being a peculiarity of the PGC, although this is mitigated by the fact that the PGC is a good proxy marker of depression [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].
Therefore, its use provides a proxy marker of S. aureus skin infection in children.
This will be used as a proxy marker for poor mobility or frailty.
