Also, in both models there were too few people in partnerships with CD4 cell counts to use it as a proxy for length of infection or on ART to compute the effect of ART with any degree of confidence (e.g. there were 153 discordant couples with one partner on ART and available CD4 counts; of those, 24 had a CD4 count less than 250 cells/µl).
We chose body mass as the independent variable because it may better account for variability in body shape (e.g. long and slender versus deep-bodied and short) than the other commonly used size proxy, standard length.
Ten Cate et al. emphasized that "the goal of competency-based education should be linked to observed competence, rather than to the current proxy measure, length of training", and that "as educators, we should recognize that all trainees do not reach the same level of competence for all activities at exactly the same time" [ 29].
The assumption by Zahran et al. (2010) that soil lead serves as a proxy for length of lead exposure is likely not valid given the amount of housing destabilization and subsequent mobility of the population in the years following the storm.
The majority of empirical analyses use the highly politicized terms 'assimilation' or 'integration', measured by a combination of proxies, including length of stay and residency criteria.
We integrated GPS habitat use data and genetic profiling to determine their influence on fitness proxies (mass, length, and body condition) in a threatened population of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada.
Our proxy for wing length was the length of the line between the intersection of the anterior crossvein and the L4 vein and the intersection of the L1 and L3 veins on the wing margin.
Therefore, dS serves as a good proxy for branch length and all conclusions based on branch length will be true for dS as well.
However, there is a strong correlation between telomere lengths from tissues of a single individual (Butler et al., 1998) suggesting that telomere lengths measured in whole blood may be an accurate proxy for telomere length at the ovary.
As lactational amenorrhea is closely linked with the period of exclusive breastfeeding, we used exclusive breastfeeding as a proxy for the length of postpartum infecundability.
