Sentence examples for proxy for virulence from inspiring English sources

For example, Heineman and Brown [ 39] observed in an Escherichia coli- phage system that increased phage longevity came at a cost to reproductive rate, a proxy for virulence.

For instance, peak parasitaemia (a proxy for virulence) was higher in specialist than in generalist malaria parasites of primates, when confounding life-history traits were controlled [ 42].

There are also contrary reports of changing HIV-1 virulence based on in-vitro competitive viral fitness data used as proxies for virulence.

In the experiments of Bérénos et al. [ 5, 20] a trade-off was observed between spore load of dead larvae, in the case of obligate killers a proxy for transmission, and virulence, which was the most parsimonious explanation for the observed decrease in virulence [ 5].

To measure pathogen replication as a proxy of virulence, the ratio of Phytophthora DNA to cacao DNA was measured by RT-Q-PCR as follows.

Despite the above, the virulence (a proxy for fitness in parasitoids) expressed by these populations on the tested aphid hosts shows a lack of local host adaptation.

Because clinical AIDS endpoints could not be used (due to antiretroviral therapies and prophylaxis), three prognostic markers of disease progression were used as proxies for HIV-1 virulence: plasma viral RNA load and CD4+ T cell count at "set point" (between ∼9 and ∼15 months after seroconversion), and rate of CD4 cell decline within three years after seroconversion.

"We do not see the markers for virulence that were seen in the 1918 virus," said Dr. Cox, of the Centers for Disease Control.

The bacterial T3SS is crucial for virulence of Xoo.

Lost of non-virulence genes is a mechanism for virulence in mycobacteria.

Smith et al. (2006) also showed that genes for virulence factors are particular targets of selection.