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We use proxy criteria to help classify paleosols that have changed markedly or have been lithified during or after burial.
A previous post hoc analysis in the same dataset found that 4 34% of patients met proxy criteria for the DSM-5 'with mixed features' specifier, depending on the severity cut-offs used (McIntyre et al. 2013a).
The criteria may again be translated to different clinical concepts and become proxy criteria for decisions.
Proxy criteria of high expertise, such as years of experience, age and previous education in palliative care, are not associated with the amount of learning.
Such proxy criteria are typically considered 'gold standards' in the field and may include diagnostic clinical interviews, laboratory classification, or very well established self-report measures of the construct of interest.
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Most studies used age as a proxy criterion for the two most common types of diabetes (type 1 and type 2).
Further, studies which provide a clinically relevant contextual estimate of validity [ 16, 23] indicate that the variation between clinical goniometry and the proxy criterion could be as large as 20 degrees [ 23].
We based our proxy criterion on basepair distance rather than LD, as we found the correlations between SNPs in our dataset to be larger in magnitude than those recorded in the SNAP database.
In this paper the k-value of different SCMs, such as ground limestone, fly ash, natural pozzolan and ground granulated blastfurnace slag, was investigated to detect firstly if it can be applied to carbonation- and chloride-related properties and, secondly, if strength can be considered as a proxy-criterion for durability properties.
The ISCED classification criteria (UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2006), which are admittedly proxy-criteria due to lacking direct indicators, may be ill-suited to capture the actual complexity of content of educational programs, the concept ISCED intends to measure.
As the OIDP is intended to be used in dental needs assessment, perceived need for dental treatment was chosen as a proxy measure for the criterion validity testing, while pain visual analogue scales, perceived oral health status, satisfaction with oral health status and perceived general health status for the construct validity testing [ 23] of the Korean OIDP.
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