In the follow-up it is complemented by the thoroughly validated ISAAC questionnaire, allowing assessment and cross-comparison of symptoms and some relevant proxy associations in both cases and controls, as well as transfer of by these means identified new cases from the latter to the former group leading to a complete 0 10-year cumulative incidence estimation in the order of 15.1 %.
This higher quality of conserved co-expression as a proxy for functional association, in return for a smaller coverage, is an observation that is also visible in our scoring schema.
However, if conservation of co-expression, orthologs of co-expressed genes are also co-expressed in a related species, is taken into account, this conserved co-expression is a high quality proxy for functional association [ 19]; a score of 0.8, which is approximated by the average of both correlation coefficients (Material and Methods) correspond to an LLS of ~1.25.
The lack of SNP genotypes on all the individuals who are genotyped for HLA loci (see supplementary methods) led us to adopt a method that uses HLA loci as proxies in the association analysis in order to impute the missing SNPs.
A few studies using traffic counts or proximity to street as exposure proxy found positive associations with sensitization and allergy-related symptoms (Nicolai et al. 2003; van Vliet et al. 1997; Venn et al. 2001; Wjst et al. 1993).
The association of proxy SNP rs17038182 at 118,669,928 bp was discovered in individuals of Korean ancestry [25].
For each individual sample we genotype seven SNPs, which resolve all known KRT1 haplotypes, thereby allowing us to examine most variants in the interval for association by proxy.
This has significance for epidemiology studies using self-identified race as a proxy for ancestry in association studies, since this term does not capture the genetic admixture both on the continental level (as shown previously) but also on the within-Africa level.
MPS may identify further variants better able to predict drug response than those discovered through the GWAS SNP chip design, which usually only detects association by proxy, or indirect association, i.e. does not identify the causal variants.
