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The external factors that Mr. Ward deals with most frequently have to do with proximity to infrastructure — power lines, commuter rails, highways.
Due to patterns of climate, topography, soils and proximity to infrastructure and towns, remaining forest areas differ in their relative risk of being converted to plantations.
While the use of produced water may create brood-rearing habitat, there is evidence that such habitat, when in proximity to infrastructure, results in an ecological trap by establishing resource subsidies that modify predator abundance or effectiveness in ways that are detrimental to brooded females (see Dzialak et al. 2011b; Webb et al. 2012).
At the population-level parturient elk, while avoiding roads and selecting for security cover more strongly than other elk, conformed to a general pattern of avoiding human activity during the day by occupying upland forest or Q. gambelii thickets, and selecting forage resources in valley bottoms at night regardless of proximity to infrastructure.
We stratified the last stage random sample of twenty communities by anchor/non-anchor status, geographic location (such coastal/non-coastal), proximity to infrastructure, and road accessibility.
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Yet, the unit of analysis used in that study was province, which has a median population size of around 500,000 inhabitants, and this level of aggregation may not be the most suitable for studying whether proximity to infrastructures that promote healthy behaviors in a given area of residence might account for the association found.
In addition, proximity to bicycle infrastructure and physical environment both encourage respondents to bicycle.
"There's virtually zero wildlife impact here because the land has been farmed continuously for such a long time and you have proximity to transmission, infrastructure and markets".
Coastal wetlands are a diverse collection of highly valuable habitats that are often exposed to oil spills due to their proximity to petroleum infrastructure.
Public transport infrastructure funding would be sourced from "value capture" arrangements, which can mean land taxes on property that increases in value due to proximity to new infrastructure, and even potentially involve real estate developers helping determine where tram and train line routes ought to go.
However, the perceived level of both risk (in terms of landscape openness and proximity to human infrastructure) and reward (in terms of habitat quality) influenced the time it took for a deer to detect an approaching threat, and the subsequent time for which the threat was tolerated prior to flight.
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