Along with this, the proximate view of disease etiology predominates to the exclusion of the ultimate, evolutionary biology-based, causation perspective.
A proximate view that assumes uric acid is merely a metabolic byproduct neglects the important possibility that high uric acid levels may also offer fitness advantages.
Viewing a geo-proximate ad on a mobile phone could be one type of lead, texting an address to a friend could be another, as could playing a video profile of a business or making a reservation.
These tolerances effectively constrain departure and can be viewed as proximate rules, adapted to provide suitable migration schedules given prevalent wind conditions along the migration route.
Analysis of the anecdotal reports from the sites regarding specific cases did not identify any common factor among the cases that could be viewed as a potentially proximate cause of the event.
However, it remains to be investigated from a proximate point of view how and in which situations such social propensity is achieved.
These questions about the convergence of similar and simple mechanisms for different species are fundamental, not only for better understanding the mechanisms of organization, but also for making the link between the proximate and ultimate views of social evolution [88].
Gardner's theoretical position constrains him to view this body of work as muddling proximate and ultimate causation, as from his standpoint social norms (for instance, to reward cooperators or punish defectors) can only be proximate causes.
The economist Dani Rodrik, in his latest book Economics Rules, argues that such broad theories of income distribution by the market are best viewed as intellectual "scaffolding", adding: "They are shallow approaches that identify the proximate causes but need to be backed up with considerable detail".
Yet we think there is something more here: specifically, that the proximate-ultimate causation dichotomy encourages a unidirectional view of biological causation, where development is viewed as the outcome rather than the cause of evolution.
