It however, became insignificant after adjustment for the proximate risk factors.
The proximate risk factors described in the preceding discussion have been linked to physiologic indicators for CVD (arrow 7).
In fact, occupation may be a marker for living, sleeping, or housing conditions that constitute the proximate risk factor for exposure.
Unfortunately, our nation's largest surveys of hypertension primarily record data at the level of proximate risk factors for hypertension; hence, we focused on the most commonly utilized metrics of risk for a demonstration analysis.
Environmental conditions may influence a variety of more proximate risk factors, including perceived stressors, health-related behaviors, social integration and support, and psychosocial responses to stressors (arrows 4 and 5).
The wide range of measures permits comparisons that may provide important insights about relationships among racial or ethnic group status, SEP, social environments, physical environments, and more proximate risk factors for CVD.
She correctly places our results, which largely show that proximate risk factors are inadequate to explain disparities, in the context of a larger body of literature that suggests that broader social determinants of health must be addressed for such disparities to be reduced.
Although the links to all stages of the disease are not yet clear, there is a consensus that these factors affect the vulnerability of individuals and populations to the proximate risk factors of TB (Bates et al. 2004; Semenza and Giesecke 2008; Lönnroth et al. 2009) and mark TB out as a social disease (Raviglione and Krech 2011).
Even if it is not an independent or proximate risk factor but one that is partially confounded by or mediated through other factors (as suggested by the multivariate analysis), socioeconomic status of households should be taken into account when designing and targeting IPV intervention programmes [ 27].
Finally, the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) might affect food security and thereby the prevalence of undernutrition (WHO and WTO 2002; Chand 2006; Gayi 2006; Labonte and Sanger 2006b) which is a proximate risk factor of TB infection (Lönnroth et al. 2009).
