Proximate forests provide a range of co-benefits to local users, including environmental services and opportunities for recreation.
In particular, nitrogen (N) availability may increase in urban-proximate forests because of atmospheric N deposition.
This implies that the NTFPs contribution to households' income and therefore the role they play in providing safety net to forest proximate communities is of paramount importance especially to those households that has limited access to complementary economic opportunities.
In contrast, recent analyses for Barro Colorado Island, another Panamanian moist lowland forest proximate to San Lorenzo with substantial species overlap, show relatively weak effects of soil P levels on community niche structure [3].
Systematically manipulated digital images simulated different levels of EAB impact in combination with other physical and social attributes including trail-proximate EAB-related forest management responses, land use context of the viewscape beyond the trail environment, visitor types, and visitor densities.
For instance, urban forest canopy proximate to households has been associated with higher infant birth weight (Dadvand et al. 2012) and green urban neighborhoods with reductions in elder mortality (Takano et al. 2002).
Our results illuminate proximate mechanisms underpinning recent aspen forest mortality and provide guidance for understanding and projecting forest die-offs under climate change.
The relevance of these controlled studies to landscape-scale dynamics in urban-proximate moist tropical forests requires further investigation.
In this study, we used spatially-explicit binary logistic regression to study the proximate factors that relate to forest degradation by combining biophysical and socio-economic variables.
LU+ allows users to model the proximate effects of these events on forest composition and biomass, as well as subsequent dynamics, including tree establishment and the potential for future management.
While it is likely that both provide only proximate measures for human impacts on forest structure at local scales, it may also suggest that climate and legal protection are by far the most important controls on forest canopy structure and functioning.
