The results of this study support evidence from several other settings that has shown that the longer-term benefits of franchising are often elusive, and even when they do accrue, providers are more focused on the immediate, proximate, benefits of membership [ 7- 9].
Despite these risks, sexual behavior in general and infidelity in particular offers enormous proximate and ultimate benefits in terms of immediate psychophysical reward and contributions to increased total number of offspring and subsequent increased diversity amongst those offspring.
We examined the proximate costs and benefits of sponging by comparing it to 1) the most similar foraging technique, Tail out dive-peduncle dive (TDPD) foraging and 2) a larger sample of 53 focal females with dependent calves.
In Shark Bay, Australia, only a subset of the bottlenose dolphin population uses marine sponges as tools, providing an opportunity to assess both proximate and ultimate costs and benefits and document patterns of transmission.
He has called the police uprising, whose proximate cause was a law cutting benefits for civil servants, the equivalent of a coup attempt, and he said in the interview that audio communications intercepted by intelligence officials revealed plans by rebellious police officers to assassinate him.
Proximate forests provide a range of co-benefits to local users, including environmental services and opportunities for recreation.
Enhancement of soil fertility and mitigation of atmospheric greenhouse gases are potential benefits of biochar amendments with proximate links to microbiological processes, yet the impact of biochar on the soil microbial community is poorly resolved.
The proximate cause of death was a change in child benefit from being available to all to a means-tested entitlement.
Samples were subsequently evaluated for their sensory characteristics (color, taste, overall appearance, and texture), taste-determining factors (glucosinolate and soluble carbohydrate content and myrosinase activity), proximate nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, and carbohydrate) and potential health benefit attributes (antioxidant capacity).
The fitness benefits that females gain from dispersal and the proximate factors influencing dispersal rates are fruitful areas for future research that could be addressed using provisioning experiments.
However, to assume that the animal's motivation in such cases is not altruistic is to infer that an actor is aware of the future net benefits of his/her initial investment and risks conflating proximate and ultimate explanations for the behaviour (Schino & Aureli 2009; de Waal & Suchak 2010).
