As hypothesised, the most proximal limb joints (hip, scapulothoracic, shoulder) followed the predictions to a large extent.
The modules of the proximal limb are largely similar among taxa, but those of the distal limb show substantial variation.
In general, the modules of the proximal limb are similar between the outgroup taxa and primates, but those of the distal limb show substantial variation (Figs 3 4).
Needle electromyography study was normal in the proximal limb muscles, but showed active denervation in the distal muscles of the arm and leg.
These more distal limb regions, principally the autopodia, display developmental patterns that are quite different from those of the fins of plesiomorphic gnathostomes41, and of more proximal limb regions in tetrapods.
This program may also be used to study the mechanics of other preparations from isolated muscles, human proximal limb performance, and other digital physiologic signals.
As the limb grows, the proximal limb is established by exposure to flank-derived signal(s), whereas the distal segments are determined by distal signals when cells grow beyond the proximal influence.
HAND2 controls the expression of genes functioning in the proximal limb bud and orchestrates the establishment of anterior and posterior polarity of the nascent limb bud mesenchyme by impacting Gli3 and Tbx3 expression.
Electrodiagnostic studies evaluating for disorders of neuromuscular transmission should focus on proximal limb and facial muscles, as well as clinically weak muscles.
These less migratory cells give rise to epaxial muscles of the back as well as proximal hypaxial muscles of the body wall (prevetebrals, intercostals), "strap muscles" (scalenes and geniohyoid) and proximal limb girdle (rhomboids, levator scapulae, and latissimus dorsi).
The adult-onset form, late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), has been characterized by glycogen accumulation primarily in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, causing weakness of the proximal limb girdle and respiratory muscles.
